世界银行：2025年哈萨克斯坦：气候变化机构评估报告（英文版）

Kazakhstan is a major emitter of greenhouse gases and also highly vulnerable to climate change. This highlights the urgent need for coordinated efforts in climate mitigation and adaptation. In 2022, Kazakhstan’s emissions reached 353.0 million tons of CO2 equivalent, with per capita emissions comparable to those of the United States. The energy sector, driven by fossil fuel use, accounts for nearly four-fifths of emissions, reflecting the country’s high energy intensity and posing major chall