世界银行：调查模式对数据质量的影响：来自尼日利亚的实验证据（英文版）

This paper uses a large-scale experiment in rural Nigeria to study the role of survey mode—in-person versus over the phone—in survey measurement and data quality. The experimental design isolates mode effects from other common sources of errors in surveys and covers 20 outcome measures across topics such as health, labor, shocks, wellbeing, and food security. The findings indicate consistent mode effects across outcomes, with phone responses differing from in-person responses by 17-18 percent