世界银行：衡量国际贸易冲击的风险敞口和脆弱性（英文版）

This work discusses simple frameworks for measuring a country’s exposure and vulnerability to international trade shocks at the sector and product levels based on widely available data. Exposure refers to measuring reliance, at the country or sector level, on purchases or sales abroad, and vulnerability assesses the risks associated with exposure. The paper argues that traditional measures of trade openness, such as trade over gross domestic product, which measure participation in internation