国际货币基金组织：新出现的气候和能源转型问题（英文版）

This chapter examines two key challenges for the Netherlands: distributional impacts of EU ETS reforms and the fiscal, environmental and power sector effects of road transport electrification. Expanded carbon pricing through ETS2 and CBAM affects households via multiple channels, with broadly even consumption impacts but shifting incidence from pass-through and free-allowance changes. The current vehicle electrification rate, while essential for emissions goals, erodes transport tax revenues,