国际清算银行：竞争性数字货币（英文版）

After decades of relative stability in the market structure of retail payments, new contenders are vying to challenge bank deposits as retail money. These contenders include the private tokens of digital platform operators, such as big techs; private stablecoins; and digital forms of cash. Beyond this, some central banks have launched fast payment systems, which allow for instant payments between account holders with existing bank deposits and, in some cases, non-bank payment service provider