国际货币基金组织：欧盟全球价值链一体化：典型事实和驱动因素（英文版）

This paper examines EU global value-chain (GVC) integration and analyzes its drivers using machine learning models, with case studies of Portugal and Belgium. GVC participation appears to boost productivity and technology upgrading, but also brings concentration risks in the current environment. Results indicate labor cost, labor productivity and human capital as key drivers, supported by infrastructure, manufacturing base, and governance quality. Portugal remains downstream, constrained by l