国际教育成就评价协会（IEA）：SMART：在TIMSS和PIRLS背景问卷中的调查模式和回应趋势（英文版）

This study investigates the implications of transitioning from paper-based to online survey administration on response rates in international large-scale surveys, focusing on home, teacher, and school questionnaires administered in the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS). Using data from two decades of assessment cycles, we applied difference-in-differences models to estimate the effect of survey administra