美联储：一个强大的线下支付风险框架（英文版）

The capability to make offline digital payments is emerging as a vital component of the broader payments ecosystem, especially in scenarios in which internet connectivity is unavailable such as during a crisis or natural disaster. Offline digital payment services offer a secure and reliable alternative to cash. Even so, there are a limited number of viable offline payment protocols in production today. Our work introduces a comprehensive model for a secure, end-to-end offline payment experien