ADB亚洲开发银行：女性的育儿成本更高吗？巴基斯坦性别收入差距研究（英文版）

This paper examines the economic costs of caregiving for women in Pakistan, with a focus on the caregiving wage penalty and its variation across the wage distribution and between urban and rural contexts. Using nationally representative data from the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey 2019–2020, the analysis combines Propensity Score Matching (PSM), Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Recentered Influence Function (RIF) regressions, and RIF–Oaxaca decompositions. PSM estimates