世界银行：关税、生产率和资源分配不当（英文版）

This paper documents a strong empirical link between trade protection and the misallocation of capital among import-competing domestic firms. Using a decade of tax administrative data from South Africa, the different sources of capital dispersion in 71 manufacturing industries are disentangled and a strong relationship between import tariffs and firm-specific distortions is found. A one-standard-deviation increase in import tariffs leads to aggregate productivity losses of 2.8 to 6.2 percent