ITIF：2026年跨国组织犯罪研究简报-案例研究（英文版）

Haiti has long witnessed the presence and activities of gangs, armed groups, and paramilitary organizations – from the paramilitary force created by François Duvalier in the 1950s to the extra-legal militias active during the turbulent political transitions of the 1980s and 1990s.1 In the 2000s, urban gangs started consolidating their power and expanding their influence over security, governance, and everyday life across large swathes of the capital city Port-au-Prince, its surroundings, and