OECD经合组织：2025年下游市场中的人工智能与竞争动态研究报告（英文版）

This paper examines how the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly generative and agentic systems, is reshaping competition in downstream markets. It explores mechanisms through which AI may lower barriers to entry, substitute for labour, reduce minimum efficient scale, and support innovation and product differentiation. At the same time, it highlights emerging risks related to data access, model restrictiveness, and the downsides of AI use. The paper analyses how AI affects m