欧洲培训基金会ETF：2025年土耳其教育、培训和就业的主要政策进展报告（英文版）

Türkiye’s Human Development Index (HDI) stood at 0.853 in 2023 (Table 1.1), which places it firmly in the group of countries with ‘very high’ human development. However, not all the three dimensions of the HDI – health, education and income – are at the same level. Life expectancy has declined since 2018, while education – although still the weakest of the three – has improved over the same period. Income remains the strongest component (Turkish Statistical Institute, 2025), which reflects th