国际教育成就评价协会（IEA） ：2023年LANA链接研究：巴基斯坦国家报告（英文版）

In many developing countries, the lack of technical and fnancial resources needed to conduct full-scale foundational learning assessments makes these kinds of exercises diffcult to implement. Foundational learning assessments are technical and costly as children must be tested individually by a teacher, who evaluates different reading and mathematics domains. This is a different and more resource intensive approach than the traditional pen paper assessments that are conducted to evaluate chil