Mandala Partners：2025年澳大利亚医疗消费者自付费用降低策略研究报告（英文版）

Cost for healthcare services provided in the private sector are paid in part by Medicare, private health insurers and by the consumer. The consumer contributions to private healthcare are visible out-ofpocket costs. These are the costs that consumers must pay when the amount covered by Medicare and insurers is less than the fee charged by a provider. The Commonwealth is prohibited from regulating specialist fees, which enables providers to set their own prices. Australia is unlike other count